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Akyol, C. Ç., & Inci Izmir, S. B. (2025). Exploring the impact of Flash technique on test anxiety among adolescents. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry, 30(3), 735-751. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591045251329437

URL: https://doi.org/10.1177/13591045251329437

Sevim Berrin Inci Izmir, Department of Clinical Psychology, Isık University Institute on Social Science, İstanbul, Turkey. E-mail: inciberrin@gmail.com

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the specific effects of Flash Technique (FT) on adolescents with test anxiety. This follow-up study consists of 38 adolescents, 14–17 years of age (M = 15.39, SD = 1.13). Pre-post assessments were conducted using the Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI), Scale of Attitudes Negatively Affecting the Performance I/Test (POET), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) at baseline, at the end of the 4th and 12th weeks of therapy. The FT was applied for 12 weeks, with one weekly session as an intervention. As a result of the therapy process, the baseline means of total BAI scores decreased from 25.26 to 2.18; the baseline means of TAI decreased from 149.79 to 39.13, and the baseline mean of POET decreased from 298.47 to 73.84 at the end of the 12th week of therapy. Also, the baseline means of SUD scores decreased from 9.42 to zero at the end of the 12th week of treatment. All the adolescents showed complete improvement after the 12th week of the FT. The study findings showed that the test anxiety symptoms significantly decreased with the treatment of the FT. FT can be an effective intervention for test anxiety in adolescents.

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Aleksic, M., Ehring, T., Kunze, A. E., & Wolkenstein, L. (2025). Does treating emotional memories come at a price? Comparing the effects of Imagery Rescripting, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing and Imaginal Exposure on memory accuracy., 0. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/qvwhu_v1

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/qvwhu_v1

Milena Aleksic, M.Sc., Department of Psychology, LMU Munich, Leopoldstr. 13, 80802 Munich, Germany. E-mail: milena.aleksic@psy.lmu.de

Abstract

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Imaginal Exposure (IE), and Imagery Rescripting (ImRs) are trauma-focused interventions aimed at reducing trauma-associated psychopathology. Despite their clinical effectiveness, concerns remain about the potential impact of these interventions on the accuracy of memories addressed in treatment. This study therefore examined the effects of EMDR, IE and ImRs on memory accuracy. Two hundred sixty-five healthy participants underwent the Trier Social Stress Test and received one of the three interventions or no intervention (NIC) on the following day. Memory accuracy was assessed one week later using a cued recall task.Contrary to expectations, the interventions showed no differences in their effects on memory accuracy; thus, the three interventions led to neither an improvement nor an impairment in memory compared to NIC. This aligns with recent findings indicating that ImRs and IE do not distort memory. Although there are studies suggesting that EMDR impairs memory accuracy, this could not be confirmed in our study. The findings challenge the notion that trauma-focused psychological treatments such as EMDR, ImRs, and IE cause memory alterations, which is particularly reassuring in legal contexts where accurate memory recall by trauma survivors is crucial. However, further research is needed to ensure that the results generalize to risk constellations and more complex, emotionally charged events in clinical samples.

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Aleksic, M., Ehring, T., Kunze, A. E., Han, Y., Funk, H., & Wolkenstein, L. (2025). Selective Effects of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, Imagery Rescripting and Imaginal Exposure on Voluntary and Involuntary Memory of an Aversive Autobiographical Event., 0. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/9hmdb_v1

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/9hmdb_v1

Milena Aleksic, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany, E-Mail: milena.aleksic@psy.lmu.de

Abstract

Clinical theories suggest that trauma-focused interventions reduce intrusive memories while preserving voluntary recall. However, concerns persist that they may inadvertently compromise factual memory content. To test these contrasting predictions, we examined the effects of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Imagery Rescripting (ImRs), Imaginal Exposure (IE), on involuntary and voluntary memories of an aversive autobiographical event. Healthy participants (N = 182), recruited between 2021 and 2023, completed a free recall task before receiving either one of the interventions or no intervention (NIC). One week later, the recall task was repeated. Intrusion load and frequency were assessed with an app-diary; psychophysiological responses to intrusions were assessed in a laboratory task. Independent raters evaluated disorganization, coherence, consistency of voluntary memory. All interventions reduced intrusion load, but only ImRs decreased intrusion frequency compared to NIC. Psychophysiological responses to intrusions showed no group differences. IE improved the structural organization of voluntary memory by reducing disorganized thoughts, while EMDR and ImRs enhanced conceptual organization by increasing contextual coherence. None of the interventions impaired memory consistency, with no group differences in contradictions or omissions. These findings suggest that these interventions reduce distressing intrusions without compromising voluntary memory. Further research should replicate these effects in clinical samples.

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Antuña-Camblor, C., & Hernández, V. T. (2025). EMDR Interventions in Refugees and Asylum Seekers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Psychol Psychother, 32(1), e70039. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.70039

URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.70039

Celia Antuña-Camblor, Faculty of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain. E-mail: celia.a.camblor@gmail.com

Abstract

Both refugees and asylum seekers exhibit poorer mental health and higher rates of mental disorders, particularly posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), for which EMDR therapy has been shown to be effective. This review analyses the efficacy of EMDR in reducing PTDS in refugees or asylum seekers using randomized controlled studies (RCTs). A systematic review and meta-analysis published in PROSPERO (CRD42024595506) using the databases PubMed, PsycINFO and Web of Science were conducted. The authors independently reviewed the articles to maintain double blind. A total of 10 articles met the criteria for inclusion. The analysis of these studies revealed that a nonsignificant effect of EMDR on PTSD symptoms was observed at the end of the intervention period and the effect sizes reflect interaction effects between treatment/control over time on outcome, and these represent changes over time. It should be interpreted with awareness of the potential limitations introduced by excluding other study designs due to heterogeneity.

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Arulchelvan, E., & Vanneste, S. (2025). Pathological forgetting from a predictive processing perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 172, 106109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106109

URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106109

S. Vanneste, Lab for Clinical & Integrative Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Global Brain Health Institute, Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, College Green 2, Dublin, Ireland. E-mail address: sven.vanneste@tcd.ie

Abstract

Recent research suggests that natural forgetting is beneficial, allowing the brain to prioritize relevant information and disregard the irrelevant, thus aiding decision-making and mental health. Conversely, pathological conditions may arise from disruptions in these memory control processes. Without adequate memory control capacities, individuals can suffer from conditions like PTSD or addiction (where unwanted or addiction-related memories persist) on one end of the scale, to conditions such as dementia, Parkinson's disease or traumatic brain injury, which are characterised by heightened rates of forgetting on the other side. This review will explore the concept of predictive processing as a potential mechanism underlying pathological forgetting. It will summarise the neurobiological basis of predictive processing and how it influences what we remember or forget. As evident in the emerging literature, this has distinct implications for understanding pathological forgetting in psychological disorders. Finally, this review will highlight therapeutic interventions that have recently targeted predictive processes and consequently improved symptoms related to forgetting, suggesting translational applications for treatment approaches in these conditions.

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Belli, S. R., Howell, M., Grey, N., Tiraboschi, S., & Sim, A. (2025). Evaluating the effectiveness of tfCBT and EMDR interventions for PTSD in an NHS Talking Therapies service. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 18, 0. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1754470x24000497

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.1017/s1754470x24000497

Stefano R. Belli, Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK. E-mail: stefano.belli.22@ucl.ac.uk

Abstract

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and eye-movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) are NICE-recommended evidence-based treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, there is less specification of which individuals might find CBT versus EMDR more effective, or whether other factors influence treatment outcomes. This study describes a service evaluation of trauma-focused CBT (CT-PTSD) and EMDR treatment outcomes for PTSD in a London out-patient NHS Talking Therapies (NHS TT) service over 11 years (N=1580). The evaluation was conducted in an adult sample (mean age 37 years), of which 65% were women. The mean number of treatment episodes for PTSD in the service in the sample was 2.39 (SD=1.86), and the mean number of therapy sessions attended was 6.15 (SD=6.43). When using NHS TT recovery criteria, there was no significant difference between PTSD recovery rates in the service for those who received CT-PTSD (40.8%) versus EMDR (43.6%). CT-PTSD was associated with greater reductions in anxious and depressive (but not PTSD-specific) symptoms than EMDR, but this was confounded by the fact that individuals receiving CT-PTSD in the service had higher anxiety and depression scores at start-of-treatment. Older age and non-female gender were associated with higher anxiety and depression scores. PTSD recovery rates were comparable to other NHS TT services. There is no clear indication that either CBT or EMDR is a more effective treatment for PTSD symptoms in the service, although preliminary findings could inform treatment planning regarding differential effects of the treatments on anxious and depressive symptoms. Other clinical implications are discussed. Key learning aims (1) To gain a better understanding of the relative effectiveness of trauma-focused CBT and EMDR for PTSD, as provided in a working NHS TT service. (2) To allow better-informed clinical and treatment pathway planning for individuals with trauma problems in a talking therapies service. (3) To contribute to the wider research literature on effective interventions for trauma within cognitive therapy and NHS frameworks.

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Bendall, S., Peters, W., & Kamitsis, I. (2025). Towards an understanding of readiness for trauma-focussed therapy in post-traumatic stress disorder: A conceptual integration of empirical data and theoretical constructs. Clin Psychol Rev, 116, 102534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102534

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102534

Sarah Bendall, Orygen, 35 Poplar Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
E-mail addresses: sarah.bendall@orygen.org.au

Abstract

For people with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the concept of being 'ready' for trauma-focused therapy (TFT) has emerged from research as an important factor in initiation and completion of therapy. Lack of readiness of individual service users has been proposed as a reason for poor uptake of TFT in large implementation programs. However, there has been almost no investigation of what constitutes readiness for TFT. In this review we build a conceptual case for readiness for TFT. We use qualitative research exploring PTSD treatment service users' and providers' experiences and perspectives of care together with two motivational theories (self-determination theory and motivation to engage in treatment) to propose a model of readiness for TFT. Readiness appears to encompass a) a motivational factor that includes willingness to undertake TFT and b) a set of determinants of motivation that may include the emotional burden of TFT, perceived suitability of TFT rationale; outcome expectancy; level of suffering; perceived competence; therapeutic relationship; autonomy; social supports; stigma; and problem recognition. This review is designed to encourage further research into this important clinical construct. It offers a new perspective on the need for a preparation phase before exposure in TFT, an issue of debate in the field.

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Brewin, C. R., Atwoli, L., Bisson, J. I., Galea, S., Koenen, K., & Lewis-Fernández, R. (2025). Post-traumatic stress disorder: evolving conceptualization and evidence, and future research directions. World Psychiatry, 24(1), 52-80. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.21269

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.21269

Abstract

The understanding of responses to traumatic events has been greatly influenced by the introduction of the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this paper we review the initial versions of the diagnostic criteria for this condition and the associated epidemiological findings, including sociocultural differences. We consider evidence for post-traumatic reactions occurring in multiple contexts not previously defined as traumatic, and the implications that these observations have for the diagnosis. More recent developments such as the DSM-5 dissociative subtype and the ICD-11 diagnosis of complex PTSD are reviewed, adding to evidence that there are several distinct PTSD phenotypes. We describe the psychological foundations of PTSD, involving disturbances to memory as well as to identity. A broader focus on identity may be able to accommodate group and communal influences on the experience of trauma and PTSD, as well as the impact of resource loss. We then summarize current evidence concerning the biological foundations of PTSD, with a particular focus on genetic and neuroimaging studies. Whereas progress in prevention has been disappointing, there is now an extensive evidence supporting the efficacy of a variety of psychological treatments for established PTSD, including trauma-focused interventions - such as trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy (TF-CBT) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) - and non-trauma-focused therapies, which also include some emerging identity-based approaches such as present-centered and compassion-focused therapies. Additionally, there are promising interventions that are neither psychological nor pharmacological, or that combine a pharmacological and a psychological approach, such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy. We review advances in the priority areas of adapting interventions in resource-limited settings and across cultural contexts, and of community-based approaches. We conclude by identifying future directions for work on trauma and mental health.

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Callak Sarğın, Y., Yüncü, Z., & Kırlı, U. (2025). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Intervention in Preventing Craving in Alcohol Use Disorder: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 19, 0. https://doi.org/10.34133/jemdr.0001

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.34133/jemdr.0001

Yağmur Callak Sarğın, Department of Child Care and Youth Services, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa 16059, Turkey. E-mail: ycallak@gmail.com

Abstract

Aim: This pilot study aimed to provide an evaluation of the effectiveness of addiction-focused eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (AF-EMDR) treatment on alcohol craving in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) compared to treatment as usual (TAU). Based on the adaptive information processing model, the change in craving severity and craving experience was examined by targeting craving memories thought to be located in episodic memory.
Method: A randomized controlled trial was conducted. Twenty-four patients with past or present AUD completed the study ( n EMDR+TAU = 12; n TAU = 12). The intervention consisted of 3 sessions of AF-EMDR. Patients completed baseline, post-intervention, and 1-month follow-up measures assessing craving severity, craving experience, clinical symptoms, self-efficacy, and functionality.
Results: Compared to the TAU, the craving severity of the EMDR + TAU decreased significantly after the intervention. The functionality level of the EMDR + TAU continued to increase after the intervention and at the 1-month follow-up. The level of self-efficacy between the groups did not differ after the intervention and yet that of the TAU decreased significantly at the 1-month follow-up. There was no significant difference between groups in craving experience and severity of clinical symptoms.
Conclusion: Overall, the AF-EMDR protocol is new to the clinical field of addiction treatment. A limitation of the current study is the small sample size, which may affect the generalizability of the findings. It needs to be supported by future randomized controlled trials.

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Chew, T. R., Yeo, T. M., Teo, J. Y. C., Seah, C. W. A., Soh, C. S. Q., Meng, J., & Wang, W. (2025). Effectiveness of psychological interventions in reducing post-traumatic stress among post-myocardial infarction patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs, 24(3), 375-386. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjcn/zvae179

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjcn/zvae179

Tin Mei Yeo, Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Level 5, Centre for Translational Medicine, Block MD 6, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore. E-mail: yeotm@u.nus.edu

Abstract

AIMS: Myocardial infarction (MI) can lead to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) which frequently occurs with anxiety and depression, impairing daily functioning and increasing the risk of recurrent cardiovascular events. While psychological interventions have shown promise in reducing anxiety and depression, their effectiveness for PTSD in post-MI patients remains unexplored. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to evaluate the effectiveness of psychological interventions on PTSD, anxiety, and depression in post-MI patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: A comprehensive search of databases (Cochrane, CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang, CBM, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, ClinicalTrials.gov) was conducted until June 2024, identifying randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies assessing psychological interventions in post-MI patients. Study quality was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias and ROBINS-I tools. Post-traumatic stress disorder outcomes were pooled using meta-analysis in RevMan 5.4. Narrative synthesis was conducted where meta-analysis was not feasible. Nine studies involving 1065 participants were included. Psychological interventions significantly reduced PTSD symptoms {standardized mean difference (SMD) = -0.43 [95% confidence interval (CI): -0.70 to -0.16, P = 0.002]}, anxiety, and depression post-intervention. Subgroup analyses found that intervention components influenced effectiveness, with first-line treatments [eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT)] demonstrating a medium effect (SMD = -0.40; 95% CI: -0.74 to -0.07; P = 0.02). No significant subgroup differences were found based on the control condition or geographical location of studies. CONCLUSION: Psychological interventions, particularly CBT and EMDR, were effective in alleviating PTSD, anxiety, and depression in post-MI patients. Future high-quality research is needed to identify active components and optimize these psychological interventions.

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Çitil Akyol, C., & İnci İzmir, S. B. (2025). Understanding the Development of EMDR Therapy for Children: Findings from a Bibliometric Study. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research. https://doi.org/10.34133/jemdr.0004

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.34133/jemdr.0004

Canan Çitil Akyol, Department of Psychology, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey. E-mail: canancitil@gmail.com

Abstract

Bibliometric analysis is a quantitative method used to determine the development of a specific academic field, publication trends, the most influential authors, and key topics. Systematically analyzing research on the use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in children and adolescents is important for identifying the prominent themes in this area and revealing future research needs. Therefore, this study aims to systematically examine the academic development in this field by taking a bibliometric perspective on the existing literature regarding EMDR applications in children and adolescents. This study examines academic works in the fields of EMDR and child–adolescent mental health conducted between 1998 and 2024 by scanning for the keywords “EMDR”, “children”, and “child” using a bibliometric analysis approach. A total of 358 papers were found in the Scopus database and published between 1998 and early 2024, and only 223 of them were included in the analysis. The most cited authors, journals, organizations, countries, citation trends, key topics, and current growth were analyzed. The findings indicate that EMDR and child research are experiencing robust scientific growth and are receiving increasingly broader academic and clinical attention.

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D’Andre, S. D., Ellsworth, L. L., Kirsch, J. L., Montane, H. N., Kruger, M. B., Donovan, K. A., Bronars, C. A., Markovic, S. N., & Ehlers, S. L. (2024). Cancer and Stress: Understanding the Connections and Interventions. Am J Lifestyle Med, 15598276241304373. https://doi.org/10.1177/15598276241304373

URL: https://doi.org/10.1177/15598276241304373

Stacy D. D’Andre, MD, Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. E-mail: dandre.stacy@mayo.edu.

Abstract

Stress is ubiquitous in our modern society and contributes to many disease states. This narrative review describes the effect of stress/distress on cancer development and progression. Seminal randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews/meta-analyses, and distress management guidelines from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), and the Society for Integrative LinearOncology (SIO) are highlighted. We describe the physiological effects of distress, distress assessment, and management. Psychological treatments are summarized. Evidence-based lifestyle modifications and integrative therapies are reviewed in detail, including mindfulness-based techniques, yoga, guided imagery, breathing techniques, hypnosis, exercise, music therapy, qigong/Tai Chi, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, and improving sleep and heart rate variability. Recognition and treatment of distress can improve quality of life. More research is needed to determine the effects of managing distress on cancer outcomes, as well as the best type and duration of intervention, noting that the benefits of interventions may be specific for patients with different cancer types.

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Daniëls, M., Meewisse, M.-L., Nugter, A., Rameckers, S. A., Fassbinder, E., & Arntz, A. (2025). Imagery Rescripting (ImRs) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) as treatment of childhood-trauma related post-traumatic stress disorder (Ch-PTSD) in adults: effects on Schema Modes. Eur J Psychotraumatol, 16(1), 2454191. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2025.2454191

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2025.2454191

Martine Daniëls, Domselaerstraat 128, 1093 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. E-mail: martine.daniels@npsai.nl

Abstract

Background: Many patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to childhood
trauma (Ch-PTSD) also suffer from comorbid personality pathology. Little is known about the effectiveness of treatments for Ch-PTSD in reducing the comorbid personality
pathology. Schema Modes are an operationalization of personality pathology according to schema therapy and can be measured with the Schema Mode Inventory (SMI). Therefore, we evaluated the effects of two treatments for adult patients with Ch-PTSD on Schema Modes.
Method: Participants (n = 114) of the Imagery Rescripting and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (IREM) Randomized Clinical Trial (Boterhoven de Haan, K. L., Lee, C. W., Fassbinder, E., Voncken, M. J., Meewisse, M., Van Es, S. M., Menninga, S., Kousemaker, M., & Arntz, A. (2017). Imagery rescripting and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for treatment of adults with childhood trauma-related post-traumatic stress disorder: IREM
study design. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 1–12, Boterhoven de Haan, K. L., Lee, C. W., Fassbinder, E., van Es, S. M., Menninga, S., Meewisse, M.-L., Rijkeboer, M., Kousemaker, M., & Arntz, A. (2020). Imagery rescripting and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing as treatment for adults with post-traumatic stress disorder from childhood trauma: Randomised clinical trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 217(5), 609–615) with Ch-PTSD who filled in the SMI next to other outcomes, were randomly allocated to a 12-session treatment of Imagery Rescripting (ImRs) or Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). The SMI was collected at waitlist, pre-treatment, mid-treatment, posttreatment, and 8-week and 1-year follow-up.
Results: For both treatments, patients reported large reductions in the Maladaptive Schema Modes and improvements in the Adaptive Schema Modes (Cohen’s d = .94–1.18) from pre-treatment to posttreatment, 8-week follow-up, and 1-year follow-up. No statistically
significant differences were found between ImRs and EMDR regarding changes in Schema Modes over time. No significant changes were observed during the waitlist period.
Conclusions: ImRs and EMDR showed improvements in Schema Modes when primarily
targeting Ch-PTSD. The results indicate the possible value of both treatments in reducing
comorbid personality pathology.

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de Roos, C., Offermans, J., Bouwmeester, S., Lindauer, R., & Scheper, F. (2025). Preliminary efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for children aged 1.5-8 years with PTSD: a multiple baseline experimental design (N = 19). Eur J Psychotraumatol, 16(1), 2447654. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2024.2447654

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2024.2447654

Carlijn de Roos, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Levvel, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. E-mail: c.deroos@levvel.nl

Abstract

Background: Trauma exposure is common in (pre) school-aged children and around one-fifth of exposed children meet the criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These symptoms can cause severe impairment to a child’s functioning and, if left untreated, have negative long-term consequences. Therefore, there is an urgent need for effective treatment to reduce the acute and long-term effects of trauma. However, currently, there are no established empirically validated treatments for PTSD in young children.
Objective: To assess the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy for improving PTSD symptoms, behavioural and emotional problems in young children aged 1.5–8 years, and parenting stress in their parents.
Method: A non-concurrent, multiple baseline experimental design was combined with
standardized measures across 19 mostly chronically trauma-exposed children fulfilling DSM-5 PTSD diagnosis. Primary outcomes included effects on the severity of PTSD symptoms and the rate of diagnostic remission from PTSD. Secondary outcomes included emotional and behavioural problems and parenting stress at each assessment point (baseline, pre-treatment, post-treatment, and three-month follow-up). Participants received six 1-hour EMDR sessions.
Results: At post-treatment 79% of the children no longer met the diagnostic criteria for PTSD. Further, a significant decline in the severity of PTSD symptoms, emotional and behavioural problems in children was found post-treatment (all effect sizes > 1.20), as well as a significant reduction of parenting stress in their parents (Cohen’s d effect size 0.45). All gains were maintained at the three-month follow-up, including a 79% loss of PTSD diagnosis. There was no dropout (0%) and no adverse events were reported.
Conclusions: The findings provide preliminary evidence of the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of six sessions of EMDR therapy for reducing paediatric PTSD and comorbidity in young children aged 1.5–8 years and, at the same time, decreasing parenting stress. Further trials are warranted.

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Doherty, A., Nagle, U., Doyle, J., & Duffy, R. M. (2025). Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing for childbirth-related post-traumatic stress symptoms: effectiveness, duration and completion. Front Glob Womens Health, 6, 1487799. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgwh.2025.1487799

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.3389/fgwh.2025.1487799

A. Doherty, Specialist Perinatal Mental Health Service, Rotunda Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. E-mail: ailbhemdoherty@gmail.com

Abstract

Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress symptoms (CB-PTSS) occur in 12% of women and 3%–6% of mothers meet criteria for childbirth-related post- traumatic stress disorder (CB-PTSD). Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy has shown promising results in this population. This study sought to assess the effectiveness of EMDR on CB-PTSS and CB-PTSD; to investigate the effect of EMDR duration on symptom reduction; to measure the EMDR completion rate; and to explore sample characteristics that may be associated with completion or effectiveness. A retrospective analysis was conducted of women (n = 34) who commenced EMDR for CB-PTSS or CB-PTSD in an Irish urban maternity hospital. Symptom severity was measured using the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-5) pre- and post-EMDR. Pre-intervention, 64.7% (n = 22) of the sample met criteria for a provisional diagnosis of PTSD. The majority of women (61.8%) demonstrated a ≥ 10 point reduction on PCL-5 following EMDR. There was no correlation between reduction in PCL-5 score and number of EMDR sessions (r = −0.12, p=0.504). The EMDR completion rate was 70.6%. Analyses did not identify any variables that were associated with EMDR completion or effectiveness. To our knowledge, this is the largest studied sample of women who have received EMDR for CB-PTSD or CB-PTSS. EMDR may be an effective intervention for CB-PTSS and CB-PTSD, even in women with a history of prior trauma, co-morbid mental health problems, or long-term symptoms. EMDR is easily-delivered with a low drop-out rate. Limitations include lack of a control group and long-term follow-up, and statistical analyses were limited by sample size.

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Dozio, E., Bizouerne, C., Wamba, V., & Atienza, N. (2024). Comparing the effectiveness of narrative therapy and EMDR-GTEP protocols in the treatment of post-traumatic stress in children exposed to humanitarian crises. Front Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 3, 1320688. https://doi.org/10.3389/frcha.2024.1320688

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.3389/frcha.2024.1320688

Elisabetta Dozio, Mental Health and Psychosocial Support, Action contre la Faim, Paris, France. E-mail: bettadozio@hotmail.com

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The mental health of children living in humanitarian crisis situations is a major issue. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) causes great psychological suffering and has negative consequences on children's development. The aim of the study was to analyze retrospective data collected in a mental health and psychosocial support program for children in the Central African Republic, and to compare results of two trauma-focused treatment interventions: the narrative protocol Action contre la Faim (ACF)/KONO; and the EMDR-based Group Trauma Episode Protocol (G-TEP). Both protocols are proposed in a group setting and led by paraprofessionals.
METHODS: In the program, 884 children attended a psychoeducation session and after that, 661 children (290 for ACF/KONO and 371 for G-TEP) benefited from all treatment sessions. PTSD was measured by the Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES-8). General distress was measured by the Child Psychosocial Distress Screener (CPDS). Data were collected before and after treatment, and measured 5 months after the end of treatment for 185 children.
RESULTS: Participants in the ACF/KONO group show a significant reduction on CRIES-8 (t = 44.8; p < 0.001, effect size = 2.63) and CPDS (t = 38.2; p < 0.001, effect size = 2.24). Participants to the G-TEP protocol show a significant effect with reduced scores on the CRIES-8 (t = 49.2; p < 0.001, effect size = 2.55) and CPDS (t = 57.2; p < 0.001, effect size = 2.97). A Student's t-test comparing the ACF/KONO and G-TEP groups shows no significant difference between the two types of treatment between pre- and post-treatment CRIES-8 scores (t = 1.744; p = 0.514, effect size = 0.040) and CPDS scores (t = 1.688; p = 0.092, effect size = 0.323). An analysis of the follow-up data for the 185 children shows that the effects of both protocols are maintained over time with mean scores after treatment and follow-up below the clinical cut-off for both CPDS (<8) and CRIES-8 (<17).
CONCLUSIONS: Both protocols have been shown to be effective in reducing traumatic symptoms in children exposed to conflict; they can be conducted by paraprofessionals and used in humanitarian crisis situations.

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Farina, B., Dimaggio, G., & Mosquera, D. (2025). Common Elements and Differences Among Treatment Approaches to Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Commentary on Five Case Studies. J Clin Psychol, 81(5), 379-386. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23773

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23773

Benedetto Farina, Department of Health and Life Science, European University of Rome, Rome, Italy. E-mail: benfarina@gmail.com

Abstract

Treating people who have experienced deep and prolonged developmental trauma, that is, complex post-traumatic stress disorder (cPTSD), can be challenging given the complexity and severity of their presentations. The main features of complex post-traumatic stress disorder, that is, affective and behavioral dysregulation, altered self-experience and identity disturbances, relational difficulties, negative self-concepts, and negative pathogenic beliefs, are, at the same time, therapeutic goals and obstacles to treatment. Therefore, clinicians must be aware of these difficulties in order to identify them and be ready to treat them when they arise during therapy with the same client. For this reason, the clinical cases presented in this issue of the Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session provide a very useful overview of how to deal with these manifestations from the perspective of different models of psychotherapy. This commentary, after briefly reviewing the clinical features and therapeutic difficulties of these clients, offers a critical summary of the commonalities and differences between the various approaches presented by the clinical cases in this special issue. The purpose is to help the reader navigate the key aspects of treating the pathogenetic processes involved in cPTSD and to identify the different therapeutic tools that may be applicable to the different clinical presentations.

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Gardoki-Souto, I., Martín de la Torre, O., Hogg, B., Redolar-Ripoll, D., Martínez Sadurní, L., Fontana-McNally, M., Blanch, J. M., Lupo, W., Pérez, V., Radua, J., Amann, B. L., Valiente-Gómez, A., & Moreno-Alcázar, A. (2024). The study protocol of a double-blind randomized controlled trial of EMDR and multifocal transcranial current stimulation (MtCS) as augmentation strategy in patients with fibromyalgia. Trials, 25(1), 856. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-024-08708-3

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-024-08708-3

B. L. Amann, Centre Forum Research Unit Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain. E-mail: benedikt.amann@gmail.com

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a generalized, widespread chronic pain disorder affecting 2.7% of the general population. In recent years, different studies have observed a strong association between FM and psychological trauma. Therefore, a trauma-focused psychotherapy, such as Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), combined with a non-invasive brain stimulation technique, such as multifocal transcranial current stimulation (MtCS), could be an innovative adjunctive treatment option. This double-blind randomized controlled trial (RCT) analyzes if EMDR therapy is effective in the reduction of pain symptoms in FM patients, and if its potential is boosted with the addition of MtCS. METHODS: Ninety-six patients with FM and a history of traumatic events will be randomly allocated to the treatment as usual (TAU) condition, EMDR + active-MtCS condition, or EMDR + sham-MtCS condition. Therapists and patients will be kept blind to MtCS conditions, and raters will be kept blind to both EMDR and MtCS. All patients will be evaluated at baseline, post-treatment, and follow-up at 6 months after post-treatment. Evaluations will assess the following variables: sociodemographic data, pain, psychological trauma, sleep disturbance, anxiety and affective symptoms, wellbeing, self-care, emotional regulation, self-esteem, and cognitive functioning. DISCUSSION: This study will provide evidence of whether EMDR therapy is effective in reducing pain symptoms in FM patients, and whether the effect of EMDR can be enhanced by MtCS.

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Grant, M., Lau, R. C. K., & DiNardo, J. (2025). Feasibility and Potential Efficacy of a Mobile App Series Based on Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: A Pilot Randomized Control Trial with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Comorbid Problems. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 19, 0003. https://doi.org/10.34133/jemdr.0003

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.34133/jemdr.0003

Mark Grant, Independent private practice, Melbourne 3101, Australia. E-mail: markgra@ozemail.com.au

Abstract

Mobile apps are increasingly being used to help individuals manage symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A few preliminary studies suggest that apps have potential, but also face many challenges. Despite eye movement desensitization and reprocessing’s (EMDR) unique characteristics and its efficacy with PTSD, there has been no research regarding mobile apps based on this method. This pilot study examined the feasibility, safety, and potential utility of 4 apps based on EMDR, the Healing Trauma App Series (HTAS), designed for PTSD sufferers with comorbid problems such as somatic problems. Online advertising recruited 77 chronic PTSD/pain sufferers who were randomized to either the treatment group (n = 38) or a waitlist condition (n = 39). Participants in the treatment group were given the 4 apps, which comprise the HTAS series, and instructed to use them daily (“as needed”) for 3 months. Participants who used the apps for the treatment period experienced moderate reductions in PTSD symptoms (PTSS). The results were confounded by high attrition rates, a common problem in app research. Implications for future research and app design together are discussed. A larger-scale study of mobile apps based on EMDR, with some modifications to address the limitations encountered in this study, is recommended.

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Hase, M., Brisch, K. H., Solomon, R., & Hase, A. (2025). The Therapeutic Relationship in EMDR Therapy - a Survey. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1519665/full

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1519665/full

Michael Hase. E-mail: michael@emdr-center.com

Abstract

The history of EMDR therapy goes back to 1987, when it was introduced as EMD, a novel treatment for PTSD by Francine Shapiro. Over the course of time EMD developed into the comprehensive therapy approach named EMDR therapy. The development of the Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) Model, the model of pathogenesis and change of EMDR therapy, was a milestone in this development from technique to psychotherapy approach. Lately a description of the therapeutic relationship in EMDR therapy has been proposed based on attachment theory. The therapeutic relationship has been described as a core element of EMDR Therapy, and seems to be related to the structure of EMDR Therapy. An internet-based survey of EMDR therapists in several waves was used to evaluate whether EMDR therapists support the above mentioned description of the therapeutic relationship in EMDR therapy. The self-experience of the EMDR therapists in EMDR therapy as elicited in the survey seems to support the description of the therapeutic relationship
in EMDR therapy. Even if the survey was only conducted with EMDR therapists, thus limiting the informative value on the patient population in general, it offers valuable insights into the therapeutic relationship in EMDR Therapy. Implications for treatment, training and research will be discussed.

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Hatoum, A. H., & Burton, A. L. (2024). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy for the treatment of eating disorders: A systematic review of the literature. Mental Health Science, 2(4), 0. https://doi.org/10.1002/mhs2.92

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.1002/mhs2.92

Amaani H. Hatoum, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia. E-mail: amaani.hatoum@uts.edu.au

Abstract

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has demonstrated promise as a treatment for eating disorders (ED). The present study aimed to systematically evaluate the current evidence regarding the use of EMDR therapy in the treatment of EDs, ED symptomatology and body image concerns. Included articles were original studies that described the use of EMDR therapy in the treatment of EDs, published in the English language in a peer‐review journal. The search was conducted using four electronic databases: PsycINFO, MedLine, Embase, and Web of Science. Two independent reviewers conducted screening, selection, risk of bias assessment and data extraction. Of the initial search of 109 potential studies, eight met inclusion criteria, including six case studies, one quasi‐experimental study, and one randomised control trial (RCT). The RCT indicated that including an EMDR component did not have benefits over standard treatment for core ED symptoms, whereas the quasi‐experimental study demonstrated some benefits for inclusion of EMDR as a treatment adjunct for anorexia nervosa patients. Case studies indicated some promising outcomes for patients with various presentations. Despite EMDR being an available treatment for several decades now, there is limited clinical evidence regarding its efficacy in the treatment of EDs. These findings highlight a critical need for more clinical research in this area to ensure clinical practice is guided and supported by evidence‐based outcomes.

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Hu, J.-H., Ma, Y.-Q., Zhou, Y., Wang, S.-B., Jia, F.-J., & Hou, C.-L. (2025). Efficacy of psychological interventions for complex post-traumatic stress disorder in adults exposed to complex traumas: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Affect Disord, 380, 515-526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.03.153

URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.03.153

7/F, Guangdong Mental Health Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong province 510080, China. E-mail: jiafujun@gdph.org.cn (F.-J. Jia), houcl1975@163.com (C.-L. Hou).

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Effective treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been established, but their applicability in complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) is largely unknown. METHODS: We searched Pubmed, Web of Science, PsycInfo, Embase, CNKI, wanfang data, and SinoMed databases to seek out studies assessing the impact of psychological therapies on CPTSD among individuals with complex trauma. The quality of studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool, and the moderating influence of study characteristics on the effect was examined. RESULTS: The pooled effect of psychotherapies compared with the control groups was significant, with PTSD (k = 27, g = -1.16, 95 % CI: -1.49 to -0.82), depression (k = 23, g = -1.12, 95%CI: -1.47 to -0.75), anxiety (k = 13, g = -1.25, 95%CI: -1.82 to -0.68), and dissociation (k = 7, g = -0.47, 95%CI: -0.74 to -0.19). At follow-up, the effect sizes decreased slightly, but there was still significant remission of symptoms except for anxiety and dissociation symptoms. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression showed that participants with childhood trauma had lower effects than those with other trauma types, and risk of bias and female proportion were the moderators. There were some indications of publication bias. CONCLUSION: Psychological interventions for CPTSD showed significant effects after the intervention, and the effect was largely maintained during follow-up. Future studies could investigate how interventions can be further optimized and tailored to suit individuals' performance.

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Hung, Y.-H., Chang, K.-T., Soloski, K., & Linville, D. (2025). Examining the Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing Flash Technique on Racial Trauma. J Marital Fam Ther, 51(3), e70032. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.70032

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.70032

Yi‐Hsin Hung, Department of Community, Family, and Addiction Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA. E-mail: cindy@centerfortransformativehealing.org

Abstract

Racial trauma poses significant risks to mental health and reduces the effectiveness of traditional psychotherapy. This study evaluated the self-administered eye movement desensitization and reprocessing-flash technique (EMDR-FT) as a telehealth intervention for reducing distress associated with racial trauma memories. Thirty-nine participants with moderate distress levels completed three bilateral stimulation sessions, with disturbance measured using the subjective units of disturbance (SUDs) scale. A repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant reduction in distress across five time points, F(2, 90) = 17.37, p < 0.001, η² = 0.31. Post hoc analysis confirmed decreases from pre-test (M = 5.41, SD = 2.51) to post-test (M = 3.00, SD = 2.29). These findings suggest that EMDR-FT effectively reduces distress linked to racial trauma and highlight its potential as an accessible telehealth intervention. This study underscores the need for further exploration of self-administered approaches to trauma-focused therapy.

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Isola, E., Silva, R. C., D’Ario, D., Franzese, R., Perusi, G., & Minelli, A. (2025). Treatment of Sexual Disorders with Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy and Pelvic Floor Rehabilitation: A Pilot Study on a Sample of Patients with Genito-Pelvic Pain Disorder. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 19, 0002. https://doi.org/10.34133/jemdr.0002

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.34133/jemdr.0002

Alessandra Minelli, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy. E-mail: alessandra.minelli@unibs.it

Abstract

This study examined the effectiveness of combining eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy with pelvic floor rehabilitation (PFR) in treating female sexual pain disorder (genito-pelvic pain and penetration disorder). A total of 15 women aged 25 to 59 underwent 22 to 36 EMDR and 15 to 24 PFR sessions. Before treatment, low sexual interest and high pain levels were prevalent. Results indicated significant improvements in sexual interest, arousal, orgasm, partner relationship, lubrication, and symptomatology. Post-treatment, 87% reported increased sexual desire, and 73% experienced high arousal intensity. Orgasm frequency and satisfaction improved, with 87% reporting no difficulty. Pain during and after penetration decreased significantly and sexual satisfaction increased. The combined therapy demonstrated substantial benefits, highlighting the importance of integrating psychophysical approaches in treating sexual pain disorders. Future studies should include larger samples and control groups to validate these findings

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Ivanka, M. (2025). A One-Day Assyst Group Treatment Intervention to Victims of Flood in Bulgaria. Psychology and Behavioral Science International Journal, 23(1), 0. https://doi.org/10.19080/pbsij.2025.23.556105

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.19080/pbsij.2025.23.556105

Ivanka Miteva, Director VM Psychology Services, New Zealand.

Abstract

This pre-post repeated measures study aimed to assess the effectiveness, efficacy, and safety of the Acute Stress Syndrome Stabilization Treatment Intervention in a group format (ASSYST-G) with Bulgarian participants from a flooded region. A total of 24 participants (2 males and 22 females) participated in the study. Participants’ ages ranged from 33 to 89 years old (M = 63.38 years old). Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and flood-related distress were measured at four-time points for all participants. Due to attrition for unrelated reasons, final statistical analyses were conducted on the data from 18 participants. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated a clinically significant reduction in PTSD symptoms as measured by the PCL-5 Short Form: Wilks’ Lambda = .419, F (3,15) = 6.92, p = .004, multivariate partial eta squared = .581. Similarly, a clinically significant reduction in flood-related distress, as measured by the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), was observed: Wilks’ Lambda = .206, F(3,15) = 19.22, p < .001, multivariate partial eta squared = .794.
The statistical analysis confirmed that the ASSYST-G treatment intervention effectively reduced both PTSD symptomatology and flood-related distress in Bulgarian participants from a flood-affected region. No adverse effects were reported or observed during the intervention or at post-intervention assessments. This study represents the first implementation of the ASSYST-G intervention in a Bulgarian context. Its findings hold both empirical significance and substantial social value, challenging prevailing cultural stereotypes. Additionally, the results raise important questions regarding the optimization of treatment delivery following natural disasters.

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Janssen, E. P. J., Spauwen, P. J. J., Rijnen, S. J. M., & Ponds, R. W. H. M. (2025). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for posttraumatic stress disorder following acquired brain injury: A multiple baseline single case experimental design study across four cases. Neuropsychol Rehabil, 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2024.2444999

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2024.2444999

Ellen P. J. Janssen, Centre of Excellence for Brain Injury and Neuropsychiatry, GGZ Oost Brabant, Kluisstraat 2, Boekel 5427 EM, The Netherlands. E-mail: epj.janssen@ggzoostbrabant.nl

Abstract

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is prevalent in individuals with acquired brain injury (ABI). This study investigated the effectiveness and applicability of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) for PTSD in individuals with ABI. Data were collected using a non-concurrent multiple baseline single case experimental design (SCED), with a baseline, treatment, maintenance, and 3-month follow-up phase, across four cases. EMDR treatment was provided using a manualized standard EMDR protocol. The primary outcome was PTSD symptoms. Secondary outcomes were general mental health and cognitive functions. Visual analyses, TAU-U analyses, and analyses using the Reliable Change Index were performed. All four participants (two with TBI, two with stroke) showed a significant decrease in PTSD symptoms, which continued in maintenance and was retained at follow-up. The participants no longer fulfilled criteria for PTSD classification and showed reliable improvement in PTSD severity score post-treatment and at follow-up. No adverse events occurred and no adjustments in EMDR protocol were necessary. There was no consistent improvement in general mental health nor a consistent improvement in cognitive functioning. This study provided empirical support for the effectiveness and applicability of EMDR for PTSD in four participants with stroke or TBI.

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Kerkhof, A. J. F. M., Jongh, A., & Oppenheim, H.-J. (2025). How to Apply Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy in People with Suicidal Intrusions. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 19, 0. https://doi.org/10.34133/jemdr.0008

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.34133/jemdr.0008

Ad J.F.M. Kerkhof, Dep. of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. E-mail: ajfm.kerkhof@gmail.com

Abstract

Intrusive suicidal mental images, visualizing one’s future suicide and consequences, frequently occur in patients with depression, borderline personality disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and other psychiatric disorders. Until recently, such intrusive images were not treated as targets for suicide prevention in health care or even avoided for fear that it would be dangerous to do so. A recent experimental study revealed that eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy considerably alleviated these intrusions in patients with depressive symptoms. The present paper offers a background on the frequency and suffering associated with suicidal intrusions, assessment procedures, the rationale for applying EMDR therapy using the flashforward procedure as an add-on intervention in regular mental health care, and available evidence for applying this approach. In addition, the EMDR flashforward protocol for suicidal intrusions is presented.

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Khan, A., & Madihie, A. B. (2025). Developing a Culturally and Methodologically Adapted Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy Protocol for Major Depressive Disorder in Pakistan. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 19, 0. https://doi.org/10.34133/jemdr.0005

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.34133/jemdr.0005

Anwar Khan, Faculty of Cognitive Sciences & Human Development, University of Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia. E-mail: akpashtoon1981@gmail.com

Abstract

Major depressive disorder (MDD) ranks as the 24th leading cause of disability-adjusted life years worldwide, contributing substantially to the global mental health burden. In Pakistan, socioeconomic challenges such as poverty, political instability, and inadequate mental health resources exacerbate the high prevalence of MDD. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy, although globally recognized as an effective evidence-based intervention for MDD, reflects Western psychological frameworks that may not align with the sociocultural realities of non-Western contexts like Pakistan. Moreover, limited empirical research exists on the cultural and methodological adaptation of EMDR therapy in Pakistan. To bridge these research gaps, this study focused on developing a culturally and methodologically adapted DeprEnd EMDR therapy protocol to suit the distinct needs of clients and therapists in Pakistan. Utilizing a qualitative exploratory research design, the study integrated insights from a narrative literature review and expert focus group discussions to identify essential adaptations across all phases of the DeprEnd EMDR therapy protocol. The findings of this study revealed several critical cultural and methodological adaptations necessary to enhance the effectiveness of the DeprEnd EMDR therapy protocol in Pakistan. Key cultural themes included integration of local languages, cultural metaphors, and religious practices; addressing stigma; involving families for support; and ensuring gender-sensitive practices. Methodological themes emphasized restructured therapy phases, use of visual assessment tools, simplified language, and adaptation for online delivery to improve accessibility and therapeutic outcomes. These adaptations align the DeprEnd EMDR therapy protocol with the collectivist, resource-limited context of Pakistan, promoting its acceptance and efficacy. To conclude, this research created a culturally and methodologically adapted DeprEnd EMDR therapy protocol specifically designed for Pakistan. The adapted protocol is scalable and holds promise for broader use in other South Asian nations with comparable cultural contexts. Therefore, by bridging global practices with local needs, this research provides a major contribution to the evolving field of culturally competent mental healthcare.

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Kip, A., Ritter, L., Hoppen, T. H., Papola, D., Ostuzzi, G., Barbui, C., & Morina, N. (2025). Psychological interventions for adult posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review of published meta-analyses. J Anxiety Disord, 112, 103017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2025.103017

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2025.103017

A. Kip, Institute of Psychology, University of Münster, Fliednerstraße 21, Münster 48149, Germany. E-mail address: a.kip@uni-muenster.de

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: A large and growing number of published meta-analyses have examined the efficacy of psychological interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Conclusions drawn from these meta-analyses on treatment efficacy greatly influence clinical practice. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on psychological interventions for adult PTSD, focusing on their content, methodology, and reporting quality.
METHOD: Systematic database searches were conducted in March 2024 using MEDLINE, PsycInfo, PTSDpubs, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. The quality of meta-analyses was assessed using AMSTAR 2. The systematic review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020151234).
RESULTS: Overall, 55 meta-analyses with 93 meta-analytic comparisons at treatment endpoint and 28 comparisons at follow-up were included. Meta-analyses most consistently showed superiority of psychological interventions over control conditions. However, beneficial long-term effects exceeding one-month post-treatment were limited to trauma-focused cognitive behavior interventions (TF-CBT) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). There was a substantial overlap of primary RCTs, indicating redundancy between meta-analyses. Furthermore, the quality of meta-analyses varied substantially.
CONCLUSIONS: There is a need to enhance the methodological and reporting quality of meta-analyses, avoid the production of redundant meta-analyses, and conduct more high-quality, large RCTs with long-term assessments.

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Larsen, J. K., Markus, W., Wiers, R. W., & de Jongh, A. (2025). Targeting craving with EMDR therapy: Future directions. Addict Behav, 164, 108288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108288

URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108288

J.K. Larsen, Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, PO Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, the Netherlands. E-mail address: junilla.larsen@ru.nl

Abstract

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy may be a promising approach when targeting addiction-related memory representations that trigger craving. We propose a link with cue-reactivity mechanisms targeted by both cognitive bias modification training and cue-exposure therapy, including increased cue-devaluation, reduction in cognitive biases, and violation of dysfunctional expectancies. In this commentary, we propose a framework explaining the effects of addiction-focused EMDR therapy based on insights from working memory and inferential processing accounts, empirical evidence of underlying EMDR mechanisms, and the broader cue-exposure literature. It points to new directions for future addiction-focused EMDR therapy, by optimizing procedures, by more strongly taxing working memory, better violate dysfunctional expectancies, inhibiting cue-reactive related memories and lowering craving and inhibiting addictive responses. We hope that this framework will inspire future research investigating the underlying mechanisms as well as potential boundary conditions (e.g., arousal) that may moderate these mechanisms across a wider set of addictive-like domains.

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Liu, Y., Zhou, Z.-X., Lv, Q., Huang, G., Zhang, H., Wang, Y.-Q., Chen, J.-G., & Wang, F. (2025). A superior colliculus-originating circuit prevents cocaine reinstatement via VR-based eye movement desensitization treatment. Natl Sci Rev, 12(4), nwae467. https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwae467

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwae467

E-mails: wangfanghust@hust edu.cn;chenj@mails.tjmu.edu.cn

Abstract

While Virtual Reality (VR) technology shows promise in the management of substance use disorders, the development of an effective VR-based extinction procedure remains lacking. In this study, we developed a VR-based eye movement desensitization and reprocessing extinction training program tailored for mice. We found that this VR treatment during cocaine extinction prevents reinstatement by suppressing the hyperactivation of glutamatergic excitatory neurons in the intermediate layers of the superior colliculus (SCi^CaMKIIα^) during exposure to environmental cues. Additionally, SCi^CaMKIIα^ neurons innervate tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC^TH^). Environmental cues trigger stronger phasic activation of LC^TH^ neurons through this SCi^CaMKIIα^→LC^TH^ projection, leading to increased dopamine release onto the dorsal CA3 (dCA3) region, thereby facilitating reinstatement. Furthermore, we demonstrate that VR treatment effectively inhibits the neural circuitry involving SCi^CaMKIIα^→LC^TH^→dCA3 in response to environmental cues, thus preventing cocaine reinstatement. Our findings suggest that VR treatment may represent a promising strategy for achieving drug abstinence.

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Meneses, A. Y. M., Fernández-Gonzalo, S., & Vicente, M. J. (2024). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: Efficacy in Improving Clinical, Neuropsychological, and Quality of Life in Women Victims of Violence. Womens Health Rep (New Rochelle), 5(1), 984-996. https://doi.org/10.1089/whr.2023.0110

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.1089/whr.2023.0110

Mercè Jodar Vicente, PhD, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, c/Nac de Roda, Barcelona España, Barcelona 100-08019, Spain, E-mail: merce.jodar@uab.cat

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The number of female victims of violence has significantly increased in recent years, resulting in physical, mental, and social damage. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of the eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) psychotherapeutic model compared with narrative exposure therapy (NET) as treatments for clinical improvement, neuropsychological outcomes, and quality of life in women who have experienced violence.
METHODS: A randomized experimental study was conducted, involving 120 women exposed to physical, psychological, and sexual violence, who were assigned to either an EMDR or NET group. An extensive battery of clinical, neuropsychological, and quality of life tests was administered both before and after a 10-session therapeutic intervention. RESULTS: Compared with the group of women treated with NET, the group of women who received EMDR therapy, exposed to physical, psychological, and sexual violence, achieved a greater decrease in anxiety (p = 0.001), depression (p = 0.001), and post-traumatic symptoms (p = 0.002). Additionally, there was an increase in the quality of life index (p = 0.001), performance in working memory (p = 0.000), and executive functioning tests (p = 0.000), compared with NET.
CONCLUSIONS: EMDR proved to be more effective compared with NET in reducing post-traumatic clinical symptoms, increasing the level of quality of life, and enhancing cognitive performance in women affected by gender-based violence. Additionally, it demonstrated independence in therapeutic response across most estimated sociodemographic factors, making it a therapy with broader therapeutic reach in the community of Ecuadorian women.

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Meshreky, K. M., & Lewis, P. A. (2025). Do eye movements in REM sleep play a role in overnight emotional processing? Neuropsychologia, 215, 109169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2025.109169

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2025.109169

Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK. E-mail addresses: MeshrekyK@cardiff.ac.uk (K.M. Meshreky), lewisp8@cardiff.ac.uk (P.A. Lewis).

Abstract

Eye movements (EMs) are a defining feature of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, yet we are still not clear why they happen. A few hypotheses attempt to explain the possible underlying mechanisms. However, a clear understanding of their functional significance remains lacking. Interestingly, there is an EM component in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy, that is approved for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The developer of EMDR, Francine Shapiro described the technique as mimicry of REM. Robert Stickgold built on this by proposing a putative neurobiological model in which the repeated eye movements in EMDR initiate brainstem REM-like mechanisms. In this article, we combine Stickgold's model with the results of a study which showed that alternating bilateral visual stimulation in mice yielded sustained increases in the activities of the Superior Colliculus (SC) and mediodorsal thalamus (MD) which suppressed the activity of basolateral amygdala. We pose a hypothetical question: could EMs during REM sleep similarly inhibit amygdala activity through the SC-MD pathway? And could this be part of the affective modulation mechanisms characteristic of REM sleep?

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Milligan, T., Smolenski, D., Lara-Ruiz, J., & Kelber, M. S. (2025). Loss of PTSD Diagnosis in Response to Evidence-Based Treatments: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 82(7), 718-727. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2025.0695

URL: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2025.0695

Marija S. Kelber, PhD, Psychological Health Center of Excellence, Defense Health Agency, 7700 Arlington Blvd, Ste 5101, Box #22, Falls Church, VA 22041 E-mail: marija.s.kelber.civ@ health.mil

Abstract

IMPORTANCE: In recent decades, evidence-based psychotherapies to treat posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been developed with robust evidence bases. However, efficacy observed in clinical trials is not always directly applicable to clinical practice. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the percentage of patients in both military and veteran (hereafter milvet) and nonmilvet populations that lose their PTSD diagnosis after treatment.
DATA SOURCES: We used the PTSD Repository to identify studies with adults with a DSM-IV/DSM-5 PTSD diagnosis based on a validated assessment. The repository, maintained by the US National Center for PTSD, is continually updated with randomized clinical trials and includes studies published from January 1988 on.
STUDY SELECTION: For eligibility, PTSD had to be the primary treatment target, with psychotherapy applied as monotreatment. Eligible studies reported the number of participants who did not meet diagnostic criteria for PTSD posttreatment. When this review was initiated (October 2023), the repository contained 496 unique studies. Data analysis was completed from October 2023 to June 2024.
DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: The repository follows Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) reporting guidelines and uses Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0. We used mixed-effects logistic regression models to estimate diagnosis loss and incorporated milvet status and sex as covariates.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was the proportion of participants who no longer met criteria for a diagnosis of PTSD posttreatment as assessed by a validated instrument. RESULTS: We included 34 randomized clinical trials (N = 3208 participants). Point estimates of diagnosis loss across trauma-focused treatments for nonmilvet samples ranged from 65% to 86%. Milvet samples had lower proportions of diagnosis loss in studies of cognitive processing therapy and prolonged exposure compared to nonmilvet samples, ranging from 44% to 50%. There was substantial overlap between the covariates of milvet status and sex. An exploratory analysis identified eye movement desensitization and reprocessing as having the highest proportion of diagnosis loss, but there was substantial heterogeneity, and none of the studies were milvet-focused or conducted in the US. Also, 95% confidence intervals partially overlapped for all trauma-focused treatment estimates.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This systematic review and meta-analysis contributes to the substantial literature on psychotherapeutic treatments for PTSD by meta-analyzing the probabilities of diagnosis loss for each psychotherapy. Diagnosis loss data are a relatively straightforward way to discuss potential benefits when initiating a therapy or when discussing potential barriers to progress in treatment.

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Nvo-Fernandez, M., Salas, F., Miño-Reyes, V., Ahumada-Méndez, F., Medina, P., Avello, D., Landim, S. F., Via, M., Napolitano, N., & Leiva-Bianchi, M. (2025). Effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) in Treating Borderline Personality Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Alpha Psychiatry, 26(2), 0. https://doi.org/10.31083/ap40031

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.31083/ap40031

Fabiola Salas, Laboratory of Methodology for Behavioral Sciences and Neurosciences, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad de Talca, 3460000 Talca, Chile. E-mail: fabiola.salas@utalca.cl

Abstract

Background: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is recommended by major health organizations for trauma treatment, but its efficacy for borderline personality disorder (BPD) remains unestablished. This study aims to evaluate EMDR’s effectiveness in treating BPD through a randomized controlled trial (RCT) and compare its outcomes with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).
Methods: A total of 76 individuals participated in the RCT, with 18 patients (78% female) completing the study. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either EMDR (n = 8) or CBT (n = 10) via teletherapy sessions. Trauma symptoms were assessed using the international trauma questionnaire (ITQ), BPD symptoms were assessed using the Personality Assessment Inventory-Borderline Features Scale (PAI-BOR), and post-traumatic growth (PTG) was assessed using the post-traumatic growth inventory (PTGI). Additionally, attentional evaluations were conducted at behavioral and electroencephalographic levels through an oddball paradigm. A final comparison was made between a participant who did not complete the therapeutic process and a participant who did.
Results: Both EMDR and CBT treatments significantly improved trauma and BPD symptoms, as well as post-traumatic growth. The effect size was moderate for ITQ (η2 = 0.615) and PTGI (η2 = 0.610), and low for PAI-BOR (η2 = 0.147). Symptomatic participants showed a decrease in ITQ (p = 0.006) and PAI-BOR (p = 0.047) scores, and an increase in PTGI scores (p = 0.028). Conclusions: Both EMDR and CBT significantly improved trauma and BPD symptoms, as well as post-traumatic growth. Additionally, EMDR showed benefits in response accuracy and speed, with a correct response rate of 97% when comparing two participants (with and without therapy). However, completely clean electroencephalography (EEG) data were not obtained from both participants for a deeper comparison. Clinical Trial Registration: The study was registered at https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN91146045, registration number: ISRCTN91146045, registration date: 21 May 2021.

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O’Donovan, S., Ward, L., & Melia, R. (2025). Scoping review protocol of the use of eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing in the treatment of birth trauma. BMJ Open, 15(5), e099751. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2025-099751

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2025-099751

Susan O’Donovan, Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland. E-mail: odonovan.susan@ul.ie

Abstract

Introduction A traumatic childbirth can have severe negative effects on the mental health of the mother and can negatively impact the child and partner. Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) is a psychological intervention used to treat symptoms of trauma. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines for antenatal and postnatal mental health recommend that trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy or EMDR should be offered to women who suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder resulting from a traumatic birth. However, the use of EMDR for birth trauma has not been clearly outlined in the literature.
Objectives The aim of this scoping review is to explore the extent of the currently available research and to identify knowledge gaps in the use of EMDR for treating birth trauma.
Methods and analysis The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines will be followed to provide a comprehensive scoping review of the use of EMDR for birth trauma. Several databases will be searched, such as PsychInfo, Pubmed, the Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus and CINAHL, from the date the database was developed, until approximately August 2026. The grey literature sources will also be searched, and searches will be limited to include studies written in the English language. Two researchers will independently screen and extract data from both quantitative and qualitative studies, which meet the inclusion criteria. Data will be analysed in a descriptive and thematic manner. Data extraction may include study characteristics, data collection procedures, outcomes and results. Findings will be presented in tabular and narrative formats.
Ethics and dissemination Ethical Approval is not necessary for this review, as only secondary data will be used. It is expected that the review will be disseminated at psychological conferences and in relevant journal articles.

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Ozga, M., Hart, M., Niyonsenga, T., & Coulter, L. (2025). Adapting the group traumatic episode protocol approach as a paraprofessional-led early intervention for law enforcement personnel. Compr Psychiatry, 140, 152596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2025.152596

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2025.152596

L. Coulter. E-mail: larissa_coulter@yahoo.com

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Law enforcement personnel experience high levels of occupational stress and frequent exposure to potentially traumatic events, requiring effective early interventions. The Modified Group Traumatic Episode Protocol (mGTEP) is an adaptation of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) designed to help individuals process traumatic experiences in a group setting. This study evaluated the feasibility and effectiveness of a paraprofessional-led mGTEP within the law enforcement population.
METHODS: Police officers and staff, with peer support background, were trained as paraprofessionals to facilitate mGTEP as early mental health support for their colleagues. Their role bridges the gap between informal peer support and professional mental health services. Psychological distress (single-item scale), depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7), and trauma-related stress (PCL-5) were assessed at baseline (T1), post-intervention (T2), and follow-up (T3). Multilevel statistical analyses were conducted to evaluate changes over time. A sample of 40 law enforcement personnel participated in online mGTEP sessions. The sample consisted of mostly males (54 %), ranging from age 28 to 53 with an average of 14 years working in the police. Multilevel modelling was applied to the repeated measures design to analyse changes across three time points, combining both random (e.g., participant) and fixed (e.g., time) effects.
RESULTS: Significant reductions were observed from T1 to T2 in distress (d = 0.69, large), anxiety (d = 0.65, large), and trauma-related stress (d = 0.48, medium), with sustained improvements in depression (d = 0.26, small) and trauma-related stress (d = 0.48, medium) at follow-up. Anxiety scores slightly increased between T2 and T3 (d = 0.36, small). Similarly, distress scores did not continue to decline beyond T2. These results potentially reflect the ongoing demands of policing and continued exposure to trauma.
CONCLUSION: This study highlights the feasibility of mGTEP as a paraprofessional-led early intervention for law enforcement personnel, demonstrating significant symptom reductions. While improvements in depression and trauma-related stress persisted, fluctuations in anxiety and distress levels suggest the need for continued support post-intervention. Given the cumulative nature of occupational stress in policing, regular implementation may be necessary to sustain benefits. Integrating mGTEP into existing mental health programs could enhance accessibility, allowing it to complement other psychological support initiatives.

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Quaranta-Leech, A., Zaporozhets, O., Holland, D., & Jarero, I. (2025). Randomized Controlled Trial on the Provision of EMDR-IGTP-OTS-R for Reduction of PTSD Symptomology with Mental Health Professionals in Ukraine. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research. https://doi.org/10.34133/jemdr.0007

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.34133/jemdr.0007

Amber Quaranta-Leech, Alumna, Regent University, School of Psychology and Counseling, 1000 Regent University Dr., Virginia Beach, VA 23464, United States. E-mail: amber@equuslibrium.com

Abstract

This randomized controlled trial (RCT) sought to measure the efficacy of the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Integrative Group Treatment Protocol for Ongoing Traumatic Stress -Remote (EMDR-IGTP-OTS-R) on PTSD symptomology, subjective well-being, and resilience in mental health professionals living and working in Ukraine during the war. A total of 50 participants participated in the study, with a mean age of 41.48 years old. The treatment group (TG) reported a significant reduction of PTSD symptomology as reported on the PCL-5 at six- week follow-up (χ2(2) = 9.449, p =.009) in comparison with the control group. Results of this study show the EMDR-IGTP-OTS-R protocol as a beneficial treatment for the reduction of PTSD symptomology in those who are living and working in an ongoing war-related traumatic stress situation.

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Rentinck, E. M., van Mourik, R., de Jongh, A., & Matthijssen, S. J. M. A. (2025). Effectiveness of an intensive outpatient treatment programme combining prolonged exposure and EMDR therapy for adolescents and young adults with PTSD in a naturalistic setting. Eur J Psychotraumatol, 16(1), 2451478. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2025.2451478

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2025.2451478

Elvira M. Rentinck, GGZ Noord-Holland-Noord, t.a.v. Postbus 18, 1850 BA Heiloo, the Netherlands. E-mail: e.rentinck@ggz-nhn.nl

Abstract

Background: Psychotherapeutic interventions aimed at treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adolescents and young adults are hampered by high dropout rates. Looking at the results from adult treatments, short, intensive, outpatient treatment programmes may offer a promising alternative, but it has yet to be tested in this young population.
Objective: To assess the results of a six-day intensive outpatient trauma-focused treatment programme for young individuals (12-25 years) with PTSD. The treatment combined prolonged exposure and EMDR therapy, supplemented with physical activity and the participation of relatives and/or friends. Treatment was performed by a rotating team of therapists.
Methods: Seventy-four adolescents and young adults (89% women, mean age = 18.6 years, 36 patients aged 12-17 and 38 patients aged 18-25; SD = 3.1) with PTSD and a minimum of four memories of A-criterion traumatic events participated in the programme. PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, and the perceived burden of trauma symptoms were assessed before treatment, at the start and one month after treatment.
Results: Patients showed a significant reduction in PTSD symptoms from pre-treatment to one month after treatment (Cohen's d = 1.66). Of all patients, 52 (70%) showed a clinically meaningful response, and 48 (65%) no longer met the diagnostic criteria for PTSD one month after treatment. Depressive symptoms also decreased significantly (Cohen's d = 1.02). The dropout rate was 4% (N = 3). None of the patients experienced an adverse event or worsening of symptoms.
Conclusions: Results suggest that a short, intensive, outpatient therapy programme combining prolonged exposure, EMDR therapy, physical activity, and participation of relatives and friends, is well-tolerated, and an effective and safe treatment alternative for adolescents and young adults with PTSD due to multiple traumatization. An intensive trauma-focused treatment programme, in an outpatient format has proven effective for adolescents and young adults.65% of the participants lost their PTSD diagnosis following six treatment days. Only 4% of patients dropped out and no adverse events occurred.

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Russo, S., Fiani, F., & Napoli, C. (2024). Remote Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Treatment of Long-COVID- and Post-COVID-Related Traumatic Disorders: An Innovative Approach. Brain Sci, 14(12), 1212. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121212

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121212

Samuele Russo, Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Dei Marsi 78, 00185 Roma, Italy. E-mail: samuele.russo@uniroma1.it

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to increased mental health issues, particularly among long-COVID patients, who experience persistent symptoms post-recovery, potentially leading to chronic conditions. The psychological impact of long-COVID is still largely unknown, but it may contribute to mental disorders like Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Given the global rise in anxiety and depression, exploring therapies like Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) for long-COVID traumatic disorders is crucial. This study explores the effectiveness of remote EMDR therapy for PTSD-like symptoms in long-COVID conditions (LCC), assessing their emergence, the impact of LCC on mental health, and identifying key commonalities. It also examines the potential advantages of an artificial intelligence (AI)-powered platform for EMDR treatments for both therapists and patients, evaluating the response differences between remote and in-person treatment.
Methods: We enrolled a total of 160 participants divided into two groups of 80, with the experimental group receiving EMDR treatment for PTSD-like symptoms via a remote AI-powered platform, and the control group receiving traditional in-person therapy. We compared the ANOVA for Subjective Units of Disturbance (SUDs) scores, PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) scores, and Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) scores between our two groups for three cases: pre-treatment, post-treatment, and decrement.
Results: Statistical significance analysis showed a consistent absence of significant differences between online AI-powered platforms and traditional in-presence sessions. This effectively confirms our hypothesis and highlights that no significant differences were observed between the two groups.
Conclusions: The AI-supported remote platform demonstrates comparable efficacy in delivering EMDR therapy, confirming its potential as an effective alternative to traditional in-person methods while providing added advantages in accessibility and adaptability (e.g., remote areas, hikikomori, natural disasters).

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Sellick, D., & Holt, C. (2025). A Reconnection Protocol for Grief: When the Love Lives on. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 19, 0. https://doi.org/10.34133/jemdr.0006

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.34133/jemdr.0006

Danielle Sellick, Sellick Psychology, Ivanhoe, VIC 3079, Australia. E-mail: danielle@sellickpsychology.com.au

Abstract

Drawing on the adaptive information processing model, symptoms of prolonged grief can be seen as the result of dysfunctionally held information. A griever can become consumed by the pain and unable to access existing positive memory networks of the loved one. This paper details the first known scripted eye movement desensitization and reprocessing resource development installation (RDI) protocol for reconnecting to a lost loved one. This RDI protocol aims to help the griever proactively access positive memories of their loved one, which can facilitate an ongoing healthy emotional connection, providing attachment, security, and safety. Case examples are described.

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Simpson, E., Carroll, C., Sutton, A., Forsyth, J., Rayner, A., Ren, S., Franklin, M., & Wood, E. (2025). Clinical and cost-effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for treatment and prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychol. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.70005

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.70005

Emma Simpson, Sheffield Centre for Health and Related Research (SCHARR), University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK. E-mail: e.l.simpson@sheffield.ac.uk

Abstract

The objective was to provide up-to-date clinical and cost-effectiveness evidence investigating eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for treatment or prevention of adult post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cost-effectiveness studies assessing PTSD symptoms in adults, published since the NICE 2018 guidelines. EMDR was compared with trauma-focused-cognitive behavioural therapy (TF-CBT), waitlist or usual care. Six databases were searched in September 2023. Risk of bias was assessed. Data synthesis included Bayesian meta-analyses of standardized mean differences if sufficient data were available from at least three RCTs. From 2038 records, 17 studies met the eligibility criteria. One modelling-based study reported cost-effectiveness, finding EMDR the most cost-effective intervention compared to 10 others, including TF-CBT. Sixteen RCTs (n = 1031) providing clinical PTSD outcome data were identified. Most studies had small sample sizes, and all but one was at high/moderate risk of bias. Additionally, 13 RCTs from NICE 2018 guidelines contributed to meta-analyses. EMDR treatment was generally of shorter duration with a lower burden on patient time. Meta-analyses found EMDR was statistically significantly better than waitlist/usual care. There was no significant difference in treatment effect between EMDR and TF-CBT, both reported significantly improved PTSD symptoms.

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Snoek, A. C., van den End, A., Beekman, A. T. F., Dekker, J., Aarts, I., Blankers, M., Vriend, C., van den Heuvel, O. A., Lommerse, N., & Thomaes, K. (2025). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing with and without Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Comorbid Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Psychother Psychosom, 94(3), 175-193. https://doi.org/10.1159/000544918

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.1159/000544918

Aishah Cecile Snoek, MSc, Amsterdam UMC, Psychiatry, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. E-mail: aishah.snoek@sinaicentrum.nl

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Comorbidity between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD) is prevalent. Despite evidence-based therapies, high rates of nonresponse and dropout persist. This study therefore aimed to examine whether the concurrent application of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for PTSD and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) for BPD yields better results than EMDR alone.
METHODS: Patients with a PTSD diagnosis and at least four BPD symptoms were randomly assigned to EMDR (n = 63) or concurrent EMDR-DBT (n = 61). Over 1 year, changes in PTSD symptoms were measured using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5. Secondary outcomes included BPD symptoms, global functioning, and quality of life.
RESULTS: Both treatments led to large reductions in PTSD symptoms, without significant differences after 1 year (p = 0.312, d = -0.23, 95% CI = -0.6, 0.1). Both treatments also yielded large and comparable reductions in BPD symptoms and improved quality of life. Global functioning improved only in the EMDR condition according to one measure (World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0), while the other measure (Outcome Questionnaire 45) showed improvements in both groups. Additionally, patients in the EMDR-DBT condition were twice as likely to drop out from EMDR treatment compared to those in the EMDR-only condition.
CONCLUSION: Stand-alone EMDR demonstrated safety and efficacy in alleviating PTSD and BPD symptoms, as well as enhancing quality of life. These findings support the use of EMDR as a strong therapeutic option for patients with PTSD and comorbid BPD symptoms. Further research is needed to assess longer-term outcomes beyond 1 year.

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Suh, J., Chang, S., & Park, H. (2025). Optimization of Video Stimuli Parameters in EMDR Therapy Using Artificial Neural Networks for Enhanced Treatment Efficacy. Applied Sciences, 15(2), 934. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020934

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020934

E-mail: sbchang@cju.ac.kr or hyunjun@kmou.ac.kr

Abstract

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) was recognized by the World Health Organization in 2013 as an evidence-based therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and found to be effective for depression. Since then, EMDR has evolved into a personalized treatment focusing on stabilizing the physiological and psychological processes to alleviate symptoms of depression and stress. However, optimized parameters for video stimuli, such as speed (ssp), distance (d), and size (ssz), are not yet well defined in EMDR protocols. This study addresses this gap by employing an artificial neural network (ANN) methodology based on Francine Shapiro’s Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) model. The ANN was used to determine ideal values for video stimuli parameters, developing an integrated model to enhance EMDR outcomes. Of the 2860 ANN-modeled combinations, stimulus settings of 1.8 Hz speed, 70-pixel size, and 1440-pixel distance achieved the highest Predicted Effectiveness Score (PES) of 98.7%. An EMDR field test with electroencephalography (EEG) was conducted to assess the optimized video stimuli’s efficacy. Further, 16 participants, selected from a sample of 56 meeting CES-D depression criteria, were evaluated, and the top 50 PES values were selected for further analysis. EEG results indicated a 12.31% increase in effectiveness, showing a reduction in right frontal lobe beta waves. These findings highlight the technical advancements and therapeutic potential of the proposed ANN-optimized EMDR stimuli, demonstrating statistically significant improvements over traditional methods.

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Tinghög, P., Vågbratt, L., Jennstål, J., Bragesjö, M., & Möller, N. (2024). Acceptability and Preliminary Effects of Intensive Brief Trauma-Focused PTSD Treatment for Refugees. Torture, 34(3), 54-63. https://doi.org/10.7146/torture.v34i3.147953

URL: https://doi.org/10.7146/torture.v34i3.147953

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a significant mental health concern in refugee populations exposed to trauma and displacement. Traditional treatments for PTSD often involve lengthy interventions. However, there's a growing interest in exploring more condensed, intensive treatments to improve outcomes and accessibility for refugees.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the acceptability, and preliminary effects of an intensive brief trauma-focused PTSD treatment (ITT) program delivered to refugees at the Swedish Red Cross Treatment Center for Persons Affected by War and Torture in Uppsala, Sweden.
METHOD: Ten participants were enrolled in the study and received ITT over five consecutive weekdays comprising Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy (EMDR), prolonged exposure (PE), and physical activity (PA). Acceptability was assessed by analyzing journal notes, and clinicians' and patients' open-ended responses to sets of questions designed to elicit the patients' experiences and potential adverse events. Baseline and follow-up data regarding PTSD (i.e., PCL-5 and CAPS-5), disability (i.e., Whodas-12), and anxiety or depression (i.e., HSCL-25) were collected and analyzed.
RESULTS: The study demonstrated that ITT is an acceptable and viable treatment option for refugees with PTSD. No serious adverse events were reported, although some found the treatment very taxing. Overall, the ordeals were perceived as worthwhile. The statistical analyses showed substantial and significantly reduced PTSD symptoms, and anxiety levels i.e., CAPS-5 (Cohen's d 1,91; CI 95% 0.77-3.02), PCL-5 (Cohen's d 1,31; CI 95% 0.43 -2.15) Anxiety subscale of HSCL-25 (Cohen's d 1.47; CI 95% 0.49 -2.41). Reductions in depression symptoms and disability were also observed but were non-significant.
CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that this brief and massed treatment program for refugees with PTSD is a well-received and preliminary effective treatment option. Identifying less suitable candidates and conducting larger, controlled studies with longer follow-up periods are needed to establish ITT's efficacy in this population.

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Van der Wolf, P. A. I., Schellekens, M. P. J., & van der Lee, M. L. (2025). Treating Fear of Cancer Recurrence with Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing: A Sequential, Randomized Single-Case Experimental Design. J Pers Oriented Res, 11(1), 36-48. https://doi.org/10.17505/jpor.2025.27699

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.17505/jpor.2025.27699

Melanie P. J. Schellekens, Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg, The Netherlands. E-mail: m.p.j.schellekens@tilburguniversity.edu

Abstract

Fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) is defined as "fear, worry, or concern relating to the possibility that cancer will come back or progress". After cancer treatment, 20% of patients suffer from clinical fear of cancer recurrence (FCR), warranting specialized treatment. While intrusive catastrophic scenarios are clinical symptoms of FCR, they are rarely the key focus in current FCR treatments. Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) including the flash forward procedure explicitly addresses these intrusions. The present study explored whether EMDR is effective in treating clinical FCR. A sequentially replicated, randomized single-case experimental design was used among six cancer survivors with clinical levels of FCR. During an 84-day period, participants daily registered their FCR level. The Fear of Recurrence Inventory was administered at baseline, EMDR start, EMDR completion and study completion. The start of EMDR was randomized. All participants commented positively on the effect of EMDR during the semi-structured interviews: EMDR helped decrease intrusions and face death anxiety. Visual analysis of daily FCR were in line with these comments. Regression analysis showed a significant decrease of daily FCR in two participants, while the randomization test showed no effects. FCRI scores decreased below clinical levels in all participants, which was considered a reliable change in four participants. There was no drop-out. In light of these mixed findings, EMDR appears a promising treatment for FCR. Further research needs to establish its effectiveness and explore whether diminishing the emotional load of intrusions constitutes the working mechanism of EMDR in FCR.

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Xu, J., Wu, J., Wang, X., Chen, Q., Xu, R., Xu, Y., Geng, X., & Tang, Y. (2025). Therapeutic effects of short-term trauma stabilization techniques combined with escitalopram in treating adolescent major depressive disorder: a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry, 25(1), 176. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-06624-7

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-06624-7

Xiuchao Geng or Yiping Tang, Psychosomatic Department, Taizhou Second People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China. E-mail: xiuchaogeng@163.com or E-mail: zjtttyp@163.com

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To explore the efficacy of short-term trauma stabilization techniques combined with escitalopram in the treatment of adolescent major depressive disorder (MDD).
METHODS: A total of 80 patients with MDD who were hospitalized in the Psychosomatic Department of our hospital were selected and randomly divided into two groups: the escitalopram combined with short-term trauma stabilization technique group (study group) and the escitalopram combined with mental health education group (control group). Upon hospitalization, patients completed the adolescent self-rating life events check list (ASLEC), impact of event scale-revised (IES-R), 17-item Hamilton depression scale (HAMD-17) and Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA). After 2 and 4 weeks of treatment, the IES-R, HAMD-17-17 and HAMA scores were reevaluated.
RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the ASLEC, IES-R, HAMD-17 or HAMA scores between the two groups at admission. Compared with that of the control group, the IES-R score of the study group was significantly improved at the 2nd week of treatment (P < 0.01). By the 4th week of treatment, the IES-R scores in the study group had further improved compared to the control group (P < 0.01). Additionally, the HAMD-17 and HAMA scores in the study group were significantly improved compared to the control group (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: Escitalopram combined with short-term trauma stabilization is more effective in the treatment of MDD than escitalopram with mental health education, warranting further exploration.

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Yasar, A. B., Gundogmus, İ., Kubilay, D., Alban Tunca, G., Uygun, E., Zat Çiftçi, Z., & Kavakcı, Ö. (2025). The effectiveness of online Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing 2.0 Group Protocol on post-traumatic stress disorders symptoms, depression, anxiety, and stress in individuals who have experienced a traffic accident: a randomized-controlled study. Front Psychiatry, 16, 1452206. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1452206

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1452206

Ibrahim Gundogmus, Department of Psychiatry, Ankara Etlik City Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye. E-mail: dribrahim06@gmail.com

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: EMDR 2.0, an innovative approach rooted in the conventional Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), has garnered attention due to its promising outcomes. The application of EMDR, whether it is EMDR or EMDR 2.0 protocol, in a group format, especially for conditions like Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, will provide significant opportunities in terms of economic feasibility and accessibility, ultimately leading to widespread use. Building on the established effectiveness of EMDR 2.0 in individual applications, this study examines its impact in group settings. This protocol is designed to provide a structured framework for implementing EMDR 2.0 within group contexts, paving the way for a nuanced understanding of its potential benefits in collective therapeutic settings. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of the online EMDR 2.0 Group Protocol (EMDR 2.0 GP) versus Improving Mental Health Training for Primary Care Residents(mhGAP) on individuals with a history of traffic accidents in a controlled way.
METHODS: In this randomized-controlled study sample includes volunteers who were involved in traffic accidents and were given the randomized online EMDR 2.0 GP and mhGAP Stress management module. The participants were given a sociodemographic data form, Depression Anxiety Stress 21 scale (DASS-21) and Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). Participants were evaluated with measurements before, after and "one month after the application.
RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 34.80(8.10) years and 88.0% (n=22) were female. The change in DASS-21 Anxiety (h^2^=0.136), Stress (h^2^=0.140), IES-R Avoidance (h^2^=0.134), Hyperarousal (h^2^=0.0148), Total (h^2^=0.223) scores of online EMDR 2.0 GP was determined to be statistically significant compared to the mhGAP group. However, no statistically significant difference was observed in DASS-21 Depression (h^2^=0.017), IES-R Intrusion(h^2^=0.094), scores between the two groups.
DISCUSSION: The RCT of online EMDR 2.0 GP indicated that this newly developed protocol, when applied to groups, may be effective in reducing anxiety, stress, and traumatic symptoms among a non-clinical sample.

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Yznaga, S., Wong, S.-L., & Maniss, S. (2025). The Flash Technique as an Effective Low-Intensity Intervention for Migrants at the U.S. Point of Entry. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 0. https://doi.org/10.34133/jemdr.0009

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.34133/jemdr.0009

Selma d. Yznaga, Department of Counseling, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA. E-mail: selma.yznaga@utrgv.edu

Abstract

Migrants often face severe trauma before and during their journey, leading to mental health challenges such as post-traumatic stress disorder and acute stress. This study explores the Flash Technique (FT) as a one-time intervention for newly arrived migrants. Twelve healthcare professionals and 11 student interns trained in FT provided interventions to 55 migrants, who showed substantial improvements in subjective units of distress scores. The findings highlight the efficacy of a low-intensity intervention in a humanitarian context, which can serve to mitigate the long-term psychological impact of trauma.

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Zat Çiftçi, Z., Delibaş, D. H., Kaya, T., Külcü, D. G., Sarı, A., Nazlıkul, H., Coşkun Topsakal, İ., Aydın, Y. E., Kavakçı, Ö., Savran, C., & Konuk, E. (2024). A randomized controlled trial of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Therapy in the treatment of fibromyalgia. Front Psychiatry, 15, 1286118. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1286118

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1286118

Zeynep Zat ÇiftçI, Institute for Behavioral Studies, Adult and Family Department, Istanbul, Türkiye. E-mail: zeynep_zat@hotmail.com

Abstract

BACKGROUND: In addition to pharmacological treatment, psychotherapeutic approaches are recommended for the treatment of fibromyalgia. There is a suggestion that eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy may be effective. This study aimed to investigate the impact of EMDR therapy on fibromyalgia symptoms, depression, sleep quality, and traumatic stress in fibromyalgia patients through a randomized controlled study (RCT).
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample for this study comprised 79 individuals diagnosed with fibromyalgia. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: the "Treatment as Usual" (TAU) group and the TAU + EMDR group. Prior to the study and at six different time points (before starting the study, at the end of the 5th, 10th, and 15th sessions, 1 month later, and 3 months later), participants completed assessments, including the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Fibromyalgia ACR 2010 Diagnostic Criteria [Widespread Pain Index (WPI) and Symptom Severity Scale (SSS)], Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Trauma Symptom Checklist-40 (TSC-40).
RESULTS: There were no differences in the sociodemographic variables between the study and experimental groups. Analysis of variance revealed a statistically significant group effect on VAS (p = 0.019), WPI (p = 0.018), BDI (p = 0.019), and TSC-40 (p = 0.21). After applying Bonferroni correction, EMDR was found to be effective for VAS, WPI, SSS, BDI, PSQI, and TSC-40 (p <0.05).
CONCLUSION: The results of the current study suggest that EMDR therapy is a viable alternative treatment for fibromyalgia. We believe these findings offer robust evidence supporting the efficacy of EMDR therapy in treating fibromyalgia, particularly in the context of a randomized controlled trial (RCT). The application of EMDR therapy for the treatment of patients with fibromyalgia is likely to be beneficial.

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Zheng, S., Shen, Y., Geng, F., Ye, M., Song, S., Wang, R., Zhang, S., Ou, Y., & Zhou, X. (2025). Effects of eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing on depressive symptoms, stress and rumination in adolescents with depression: a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Psychotraumatol, 16(1), 2488558. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2025.2488558

Open Access: https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2025.2488558

Xiaoqin Zhou, Department of Psychology and Sleep Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Hefei 230000, China. E-mail: zhouxqlulu@126.com

Abstract

Background: Adolescent depression patients who have experienced stressful life events usually have more severe symptoms. Existing treatment plans are not effective in reducing the high recurrence rate of adolescent depression. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), an integrative therapy, can effectively alleviate depressive symptoms, but the evidence of its effectiveness in treating adolescent depression is still insufficient.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of EMDR in combination with medication in treating depressed adolescents.
Methods: A total of 30 adolescent patients with depression were recruited and randomly divided into two groups: EMDR co-treated with an SSRI medication or an SSRI medication used alone. The intervention group received standardised EMDR treatment. The primary outcome indicators were the 17-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-17) and the Impact of Events Scale (IES-R), while the secondary outcomes were the Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS) and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES).
Results: In the end, 30 people completed the experiment, 15 from each of the intervention and control groups. The intervention group received EMDR treatment three times a week for 2 weeks, with a total of 6 sessions, each lasting 60 min. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant interaction between time and group on children's HAMD-17, IES-R, and RRS scores (all p < .05). Linear mixed models revealed that increasing the IES-R score was associated with an increase in depression levels (estimate value = 0.104, p = .019), while increasing the SES score was associated with a decrease in the depression levels (estimate value = -0.298, p = .021).
Conclusions: Incorporating EMDR add-on therapy to medication for adolescent depressed patients with stressful life events can effectively reduce the degree of impact of stressful life events on patients, as well as reduce depressive symptoms and rumination thinking. EMDR can reduce the impact of stressful sexual life events on adolescents. EMDR can reduce rumination thinking in adolescents with depression. EMDR is an effective treatment for adolescent depression with stressful life events.

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